Uruguayans share a Spanish linguistic and cultural background, even though about one-quarter of the population is of Italian origin. Most are nominally Roman Catholic although the majority of Uruguayans do not actively practice a religion. Church and state are officially separated.

Uruguay is distinguished by its high literacy rate, large urban middle class, and relatively even income distribution. The average Uruguayan standard of living compares favorably with that of most other Latin Americans. Metropolitan Montevideo, with about 1.3 million inhabitants, is the only large city. The rest of the urban population lives in about 20 towns. During the past two decades, an estimated 500,000 Uruguayans have emigrated, principally to Argentina and Spain. Emigration to the United States also rose significantly. As a result of the low birth rate, high life expectancy, and relatively high rate of emigration of younger people, Uruguay's population is quite mature.

Nationality: Noun and adjective--Uruguayan(s).
Population (July 2008): 3.3 million.
Annual growth rate: 0.3%.
Ethnic groups (1997): European descent 93.2%, African descent 5.9%, indigenous descent 0.4%, Asian descent 0.4%.
Religions: Roman Catholic 66%, Protestant and other Christian 2%, Jewish 1%, non-professing or other 31%.
Language: Spanish.
Education: Literacy (2007)--98%.
Health (2007): Life expectancy--75.85 yrs. Infant mortality rate (2006)--10.5/1,000.
Work force (1.6 million, 2008): Commerce, restaurants, and hotels--21%; manufacturing, gas, and electricity--14%; agriculture, fishing, and mining--11%; construction--7%.