FOREIGN
RELATIONS
Throughout
the Cold War, Cote d'Ivoire's foreign policy was generally favorable
toward the West. The country became a member of the United Nations
in 1960 and participates in most of its specialized agencies.
It maintains a wide variety of diplomatic contacts. It sought
change in South Africa through dialogue and was the first country
accredited to post-apartheid South Africa. In 1986, Cote d'Ivoire
announced the reestablishment of diplomatic relations with Israel.
France remains Cote d'Ivoire's single most important foreign partner. President Houphouet-Boigny, who was a minister in the French Government prior to independence, insisted that the connection with France remain strong. Concrete examples of Franco-Ivoirian cooperation are numerous: French is Cote d'Ivoire's official language; Cote d'Ivoire adopted the French legal system; a French marine infantry brigade stationed in Abidjan augmented security; thousands of French expatriates continue to work and live in Cote d'Ivoire; and the CFA franc currency is tied to the euro. However, the September 2002 events injected strain into the relationship, as the Ivoirian Government criticized France for its perceived failure to uphold its commitment under the 1961 mutual defense treaty by helping government forces recapture rebel-held areas. However, the French did send additional forces--reaching a total of around 4,000 troops as of fall 2003--to secure the ceasefire line between regular government and rebel forces. The French contingent was joined by a force provided by various member states of ECOWAS that totaled over 3,000 as of fall 2003. In 2009, the French began the reduction of their troop level in Cote d’Ivoire. By June 2009, French Licorne was to number around 900. Anti-French riots erupted in Abidjan in late January-early February 2003, but bilateral relations subsequently improved amidst ongoing French military and diplomatic efforts to promote a peaceful resolution of the crisis. As noted above, relations with France deteriorated substantially after the events of November 2004, but have since improved markedly.
The Ivoirian Government has traditionally played a constructive role in Africa. President Houphouet-Boigny was active in the mediation of regional disputes, most notably in Liberia and Angola, and had considerable stature throughout the continent. In 1996-97 Cote d'Ivoire sent a medical unit to participate in regional peacekeeping in Liberia, its first peacekeeping effort. Cote d'Ivoire's hopes to expand its involvement in regional peacekeeping efforts were derailed by the December 1999 coup. Still a regional economic powerhouse, Cote d'Ivoire hopes to retake its place in promoting regional stability when the resolution of its current crisis permits. In May 2004, Cote d'Ivoire joined the Community of Sahel and Saharan States (CENSAD).
Cote d'Ivoire belongs to the UN and most of its specialized agencies; the African Union; West African Economic and Monetary Union; ECOWAS; African Mauritian Common Organization; Council of Entente; Communaute Financiere Africaine; Non-aggression and Defense Agreement; Nonaligned Movement; African Regional Satellite Organization; InterAfrican Coffee Organizations; International Cocoa Organization; Alliance of Cocoa Producers; African, Caribbean and Pacific Countries; and Association of Coffee Producing Countries. Cote d'Ivoire also belongs to the European Investment Bank and the African Development Bank; it is an associate member of the European Union. Cote d’Ivoire joined the Organization of the Islamic Conference in 2001.
U.S.-IVOIRIAN
RELATIONS
U.S.-Ivoirian relations have traditionally been friendly and close. Some strain initially resulted from the Section 508 restrictions on nonhumanitarian aid imposed on Cote d'Ivoire following the December 1999 coup. Because of Ivoirian governmental interference in the 2000 presidential elections, the Section 508 restrictions were not lifted. The U.S. participates in the international effort to assist Cote d'Ivoire in overcoming its current crisis, providing more than a quarter of the funding for the UN peacekeeping mission that helps to maintain the ceasefire. The U.S. has also provided modest economic support fund (ESF) assistance to promote democracy. The U.S. is sympathetic to Cote d'Ivoire's desire for rapid, orderly economic development as well as its moderate stance on international issues. Bilateral U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) funding, with the exception of self-help and democracy and human rights funds, has been phased out. The country remains a major beneficiary of U.S. assistance in combating HIV/AIDS, as it is one of 15 focus countries under the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). With PEPFAR assistance totaling approximately $120 million in FY 2009, this is by far the largest U.S. assistance program in Cote d'Ivoire. Ivoirian eligibility for the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) was withdrawn in 2005 because of Government of Cote d'Ivoire actions in 2004.
The U.S. and Cote d'Ivoire maintain an active cultural exchange program, through which prominent Ivoirian Government officials, media representatives, educators, and scholars visit the U.S. to become better acquainted with the American people and to exchange ideas and views with their American colleagues. This cooperative effort is furthered through frequent visits to Cote d'Ivoire by representatives of U.S. business and educational institutions, and by visits of Fulbright-Hays scholars and specialists in various fields. A new U.S. Embassy chancery compound opened in July 2005.
A modest
security assistance program that provides professional training
for Ivoirian military officers in the U.S. has been suspended
by the Section 508 restrictions.
THE NATIONAL SECURITY FORCES, MILITARY, AND GENDARMERIE
Since the outbreak of the rebellion in September 2002 that split the country,
the military has reorganized. The former system that broke down the country into
four military regions no longer exists. The more than 30,000-man Ivoirian
Defense and Security Forces (FDS) include the army, navy, air force,
gendarmerie, police, and other para-military forces (customs and water and
forest police). The Joint Staff is assigned to the Ivorian National Armed Forces
(FANCI) headquarters in Abidjan, commanded by a major-general. The 13,000-man
FANCI is deployed in a series of six sub-headquarters that are generally arrayed
along the ex-Zone of Confidence under the command of the Operations Theater
Command based in Yamoussoukro. A large portion is still based in Abidjan.
The gendarmerie has approximately 12,000 men. It is a national police force
which is responsible for territorial security, especially in rural areas. In
times of national crisis the gendarmerie could be used to reinforce the army.
The gendarmerie is commanded by a major-general.
Cote d'Ivoire has a brown-water navy whose mission is coastal surveillance and
security for the nation's 340-mile coastline. It has a few patrol craft that
operate in limited fashion along the coast and smaller vessels used to control
immigration and contraband within the lagoon system. The operational capability
of naval vessels has degraded since the war began and the navy is not able to
carry out its assigned mission outside of the general area of Abidjan.
The Ivoirian Air Force's mission is to defend the nation's airspace and provide
transportation support to the other services. As noted above, in response to an
FDS attack on a French base in Bouake in November 2004, French Licorne
peacekeeping troops destroyed most of the Air Force on the ground. Currently,
the Air Force has two presidential jets, one transport/utility aircraft that is
not regularly utilized, one utility helicopter, and one attack helicopter. The
government sometimes contracts with civilian helicopter companies to transport
government/military personnel in Cote d’Ivoire
Although the customs, national police, and water and forest police are technically part of the FDS, they continue to conduct their normal functions and follow the instructions of their regular hierarchy. Operationally, police follow the commands of the Minister of Interior, Customs falls under the Ministry of Finance, and Water and Forest Police falls under the Ministry of Environment.
A mutual defense accord signed with France in 1961 provides for the stationing of French forces in Cote d'Ivoire. The 43rd Marine Infantry Battalion is based in Port Bouet adjacent to the Abidjan Airport. Shortly after the beginning of hostilities in September 2002, France established a stabilization force, eventually numbering several thousand, under "Operation Licorne." Previously, France had approximately 500 troops stationed in Cote d'Ivoire. In January 2003, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) placed approximately 1,500 peacekeeping troops from five countries--Senegal (commander), Ghana, Benin, Togo, and Niger--on the ground beside the expanded French force. On April 4, 2004, ECOWAS troops became part of the UN Operation in Cote d'Ivoire (UNOCI), which was authorized under UN Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 1528. The troops maintained the east-west ceasefire line dividing the country until the dismantling of the ex-Zone of Confidence in September 2007, at which time the strength was decreased. The French Licorne troops’ primary mission as of 2008 was as a rapid reaction force for UNOCI. UNOCI and Operation Licorne coordinate closely to fulfill the terms of UNSCR 1528 and subsequent resolutions. UNSCR 1739 extended the UNOCI and Licorne mandate until June 2007, UNSCR 1765 extended the mandate until January 2008, UNSCR 1795 extended the mandate until July 2008, and UNSCR 1842 extended the mandate until January 31, 2009. On January 27, 2009 UNSCR 1865 extended the mandate of UNOCI and Licorne until July 31, 2009; however, UNOCI troops would be drawn down by 10% and Licorne by a significantly larger margin. UNSCR 1865 reduced the level of authorized military personnel from 8,115 to 7,450.
A modest security assistance program that provides professional training for Ivorian military officers in the U.S. has been suspended as a result of sanctions under Section 508 of the Foreign Assistance Act. Ivoirian officers continue to participate in African and regional seminars funded by the U.S. Government, such as Africa Center for Strategic Studies (ACSS) and ECOWAS programs.
Principal U.S. Officials
Ambassador--Wanda Nesbitt
Deputy Chief of Mission--Cynthia Akuetteh
Management Counselor--Marcia Norman
Political/Economic Counselor--Silvia Eiriz
Economic Officer--Ervin Massinga
Consular Affairs Officer--Robby Thomas
Defense Attache--COL Patrick Doyle
Public Affairs Officer--Sharon White
The U.S. Embassy is located at Riveria Golf, Cocody, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire (tel. 225. 22-49-4000, fax. 22-49-4323); mailing address is 01 B.P. 1712, Abidjan 01, Cote d'Ivoire.
